The Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education invites
applications for a probationary (tenure-track) position at the level of
Assistant Professor beginning 1 July 2006, subject to budgetary approval.

The successful candidate will possess a Ph.D. in the Exercise Sciences.
Applications from candidates in Exercise Physiology are especially
encouraged.  Candidates should be committed to teaching in a liberal
education environment and have a well-defined research agenda.  Evidence
of successful grant applications and peer-reviewed publication would be
advantageous.  Teaching and research excellence are equally valued.

New Faculty are eligible for university funding in support of research
and scholarly activities.

Located in southern Alberta, near the Rocky Mountains, Lethbridge offers
a sunny, dry climate that is surprisingly mild for the prairies,
excellent cultural and recreational amenities and attractive economic
conditions.  Founded in 1967, the University has an enrollment of over
8,000 students.  Our focus on liberal education, selected professional
programs, smaller classes, co-op placements and involvement of students
in faculty research provides the very best education available.  For
more information about the University please visit our web site at
www.uleth.ca.

   <>All applications must include a current curriculum vitae, academic
transcripts, statement of teaching philosophy and research interests,
and the names of three referees (including addresses, phone/fax, and
e-mail addresses).  If relevant, the application can also include an
outline of previous teaching experience, teaching evaluations and any
published articles.  The closing date for applications is January 31,
2006. <>

Applicants should send their materials to:
Dr. Hart Cantelon, Chair
Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education
University of Lethbridge
4401 University Drive
Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4

To expedite the handling of applications, please ask those named as
references to direct supporting letters to the same address.The position
is open to all qualified applicants, although preference will be given
to Canadian citizens and permanent residents of Canada.  The University
is an inclusive and equitable campus encouraging applications from
qualified women and men including persons with disabilities, members of
visible minorities and Aboriginal persons.

For more information about the University visit our web site at
http://www.uleth.ca <http://www.uleth.ca/> The Chair of KIN/PE may be
contacted at hart.cantelon@... <mailto:hart.cantelon@...> for
further  clarification about the advertised position.

Asst Professor in Physical Education
Dept. of Physical Education, Health and Recreation
Western Washington University

Position/Salary:
Assistant Professor in Physical Education.  Full-time tenure-track, beginning September 2006.  Competitive salary.

Qualifications:
Required:

Doctorate in Exercise Science-related field (Biomechanics, Exercise Physiology, etc.) by August 2006.
Capacity to teach a range of courses in the Exercise and Sport Science program. 
Evidence of successful teaching at the university level, scholarly contribution to the field, or potential for scholarly contribution, and professional involvement/service. 

Preferred:

Extensive student involvement (e.g., advising, student-faculty research, mentoring).
Ability and/or experience working with a diverse student body and staff
Capacity to seek internal and external funding.

Responsibilities:
The teaching role involves undergraduate instruction in kinesiology, biomechanics, exercise physiology, statistics in exercise and sport sciences, and a survey of physical education and health course.  In addition, teaching of a wellness course and/or graduate courses in the applicant’s area of expertise may be required.  The applicant will also be expected to: conduct research in exercise and sport science and disseminate findings through professional channels; seek internal and external funding; provide professional service for the department, university, community, and profession; advise Exercise and Sport Science majors; and contribute to the leadership and design of the Exercise and Sport Science program.

Department:
The PEHR Department, located within the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, has a full-time faculty of 13, and offers five degree programs including a B.A. in Education in Physical Education and Health, B.S. in Exercise and Sport Science, B.S. in Community Health, B.A. in Recreation, and M.S. degree in Human Movement and Performance. The department is one of the oldest and largest programs at Western Washington University.

University:
Western Washington University is a public four-year institution with competitive admissions and is nationally recognized for its educational programs, students, and faculty.  Enrollment is approximately 12,500 students. The University has a strong tradition of faculty involvement in governance and in participation in professional and community organizations.

Location:
The University is located in Bellingham, a city of approximately 67,000, and is nestled near the water and mountains in a scenic area between Puget Sound and the Canadian mountains. The University site offers easy access to major research libraries and a variety of recreational and cultural opportunities, including greater Seattle and Vancouver, B.C.

Application:    Application materials must be received by February 1, 2006 to ensure full consideration.

Interested candidates should submit a letter of application establishing their qualifications; curriculum vita; graduate school transcripts; and three letters of recommendation addressing the candidate's qualifications in teaching and scholarly endeavor. Candidates are encouraged to address each required and preferred qualification listed in the job description.

Address inquiries and send materials to:
Lorrie Brilla, Ph.D., Exercise Science Search Chair (#05PEHR-02)
PEHR Department
Western Washington University
516 High Street
Bellingham, WA 98225-9067

Tel: 360.650.3056
Fax: 360.650.7447
E-Mail: brilla@....

For additional information about Western Washington University, visit http://www.acadweb.wwu.edu/hr/Employment/profilewwu.htm.

WWU is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer, committed to assembling a diverse, broadly trained faculty and staff.  Women, minorities, persons with disabilities, Vietnam-era veterans and disabled veterans are encouraged to apply.  For disability accommodation, call the Employee Relations-Disability Specialist/ADA Coordinator at (360) 650-7410 or (360) 650-7696 (TTY).  All employees must show employment eligibility verification as required by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services before beginning work at WWU.

WWU is committed to fostering a safe learning and working environment.  Our Annual Campus Security Report can be viewed at www.wwu.edu/depts/vpsa/asr.htm and includes information on campus crime and WWU safety policies and procedures.  For a paper copy, call Human Resources at (360) 650-3774, TTY (360) 650-7696. 

********************************************************************
Gordon Chalmers, Ph.D.
Dept. of Physical Education, Health and Recreation
Western Washington University
516 High St.
Bellingham, WA, U.S.A.
98225-9067
http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~chalmers/
Phone: 360-650-3113
Email:  Gordon-dot-Chalmers-at-wwu-dot-edu
    in above email address:  replace "-dot-" with "."
                                        replace "-at-" with "@"

Hi, would appreciate feedback (positive or negative) of anyone who has recent
experience
with the Schiller Cardiovit CS 200 or the Sensormedic Vmax Encore.
Thanks.

Hello

Yesterday someone who has read one of my articles about overtraining
prevention send me the message below. I have dealt with cases of
overtraining before but nothing of such amplitude.

Therefore, if you are an expert on overtraining treatment (or if you
know one) and wish to help this person, I think it would be very
appreciated. Please email me directly at
fgazzano@... for further information.

Thank you

François Gazzano
Moncton, NB, Canada

"...8 month period between April and Dec of 2000, in which I did
approx 5 miles of running, 1-2 hrs of additional cardio (stairs,
biking), and 2-3 hrs of very heavy weight lifting 6 to 7 days a week,
while taking in approx 2,000 cal/day, which I figure was about a 1 to
2.5 thousand calorie deficit each day. My fat intake was nill, about
10-20g/day. It's been 5 years, and my hormones, metabolism, and worst
of all my muscle recovery process has been permanently devastated. I
was simply ignorant of how to rest and eat properly, and my coaches
had conditioned me to believe that pain was good, and that you cannot
make progress as an athlete unless you endure a great deal of pain."

The Department of Physical Education and Exercise
Science at the University of North Dakota invites
applications for a tenure track department chair
position beginning August 16, 2006 with teaching
responsibilities at both undergraduate and graduate
levels in one of two areas (or possibly combination
thereof):  area 1) exercise physiology; or area 2)
physical education/sport pedagogy.  The position is
at the rank of Associate Professor/Professor (salary
commensurate with qualifications and experience).

A second position may become available in these areas
at rank of Assistant/Associate Professor.

Qualifications:  Earned doctorate in physical
education/exercise science specializing in one of the
two areas of expertise listed (k-12 teaching
experience and teaching certification required for
pedagogy position); Demonstrated strength in the
application of disciplinary knowledge to professional
situations such as fitness/wellness-related programs,
teaching/coaching, etc.; Evidence of successful
teaching, scholarship and research; Additional
responsibilities include: a research agenda
(collaboration with USDA Human Nutrition Research lab
and/or UND medical school is possible) and seek
external funding, student advisement and advisement
of MS theses/independent study projects and
appropriate campus, community and professional
service.

Submit a letter of application, current
curriculum vita, evidence of research, transcripts
and names and addresses of five referees to:  Dr.
Ronald H. Brinkert, Search Committee Chair, Box 8235,
Grand Forks, ND 58202-8235 (phone: 701-777-2994 or
email ronald_brinkert@...).  Application
review will begin January 10, 2006, and continue
until position is filled.  UND is an EO/AA
institution.

__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around
http://mail.yahoo.com

Hi Will and all,

I am on vacation away from my notes so this might be an oversimplicfication.
I am a coach of runners and triathletes, and a former endurance kayaker.

The energy necessary to overcome wind drag is greater than that
gained with the wind at your back.  Overcoming wind drag is a power
function.  You can model this on a treadmill with fans blowing at or
from behind a runner .  The difference in energy vs still air or
tailwind has a cubic relationship, a V squared (due the surface area
carved out by the body) times V, the difference in energy necessary
to run at the same speed into the wind.  This latter term is measured
on a treadmill by energy expenditure with no wind versus encoutering
a headwind.
Small differences (near 0 mph) are of little consequence, but a
runner encountering a 10 mph headwind will use energy equivalent to
12-14 seconds per mile, depending on the runner's size.  Headwinds of
15mph can reduce a runners speed about 22-24 seconds per mile.  So not linear.

The other factor at play for a kayak is that not only will the kayak
get increased wind resistance, but increased resistance due to the
turbulent wave action.  So the kayaker will have headwinds, but also
increased wave resistance and, at some speeds, increased resistance from spray.

Tom Cotner
Seattle

Good day All

Like Tom I come from a running triathlon kayaking background as an athlete
and coach and agree with the principle that a tail wind does not assist to
the same extent as a headwind detracts from performances.
  I would refer list members to the explanations give in "Lore of Running" by
Tim Noakes 4th edition pages 71-74, and associated references.
I believe this covers the debate.
  Kind regards
  Norrie Williamson
South Africa
ultranor@...

The problem of wind assist is also one of physical limits.  In
perfect conditions with no wind for a 500m or 200m sprint, the best
paddlers are very near the capability of the hull (well beyond
calculated hull speed) wind assist at best may gain 1-2% at this
level. A head wind however will certainly slow the boat more....  The
same tail wind at a lower intensity may give a much greater benefit
in speed, much nearer an equal -/= for tail and headwind.

at 1000m pace: empirically we might see a -4 second tailwind as a
+8-10 second headwind at the same intensity.  at a baseline pace of 3:40 /1000m

So, the assist may aslo be considered to be skill and intensity related.

And... what Fred said on the list serve: After a point, it's hard to
paddle with technical prowess of a consistent level, BUT... it is
easier to maintain effective technique in light to moderate headwinds
than in tailwinds.    And.... Heavier paddlers benefit in competition
against lighter paddlers in a head wind, the reverse (slightly less
so) in a tailwind (momentum and inertia).

Just some thoughts,


Jeff H

I read this question and the replies with interest.  I am both a sport
science type and a rowing type.  The replies I have read hit 2 major
points (1 and 2 below) and I will add one more:

1) the wind does not act in a vacuum in the sense that it will have
potentially large effects on water characteristics (waves) and also on the
stroke force charecteristics. As mentioned, most rowers/paddlers perform
technically better in a (moderate) headwind than a similar strength
tailwind.  So we can immediately say that a large tailwind will not be
necessarily faster than a moderate tailwind (due to poorer technique and
more challeging boat stability) while a large headwind will be clearly
slower than a moderate headwind (due to both the wind resistance AND its
effects on boat stability and thereby rowing technique).

2) Ceiling effects of tailwind due to "Reynolds number constraints" on
boat velocity associated with hull shape and length etc.  This was
already mentioned, but I am not qualified to say how close the different
boats are to these upper limits at the elite levels.


3) The time of action issue.  I don't think this has been mentioned.  A
head wind (or upstream effects on a river) will always slow the boat down
more than the same tailwind (or down stream effect) due to the fact that
the headwind acts over a longer TIME so that if you row up wind and
downwind, over the same stretch, the AVERAGE time will be slower than
rowing the same course on a still day.  A light wind has almost no effect,
a heavier wind has a bigger effect.  Alex Dudia explains this for stream
on his "Physics of Rowing".

regards,


Stephen Seiler

Physical Activity And Successful Aging
Xth EGREPA International Conference
September 14-16, 2006
Cologne, Germany
Deutsche Sporthochschule (German Sports University)


The European Group for Research into Elderly and Physical Activity (EGREPA) is
a European scientific society, focussing on research and practical
applications. We invite researchers to a platform for exchanging ideas and
cooperation regarding physical activities for an aging population.

The EGREPA Conference is designed for researchers, clinicians, practitioners,
healthcare-professionals, service-providers, family and professional
caregivers, leaders in the private and public sectors in the field of
activity and aging and for older adults.

You are welcome to contribute oral an poster presentations. In January a call
for papers will be sent together with the 3rd announcement. Please subscribe
to our newsletter at http://www.egrepa.org (=> European Conference) -- We'll
keep you up to date!

Confirmed speakers:

Dr. Ursula M. Staudinger
Professor of Psychology, Jacobs Center for Lifelong Learning and Institutional
Development
International University Bremen, Germany

Archie Young, Bsc, MBChB, MD
Clinical Professor, Head, Department of Geriatric Medicine
University of Edinburgh, Scotland

Dr. Ulman Lindenberger
Professor of Lifespan psychology, Director, Max Planck Institute for Human
Development
Berlin, Germany

Timeline
Call for papers 	 January, 2006
deadline abstract submission March 15th , 2006
feedback 		 April 15th , 2006
early bird registration  April 30th , 2006


We look forward to meeting you in Cologne!

Prof. Dr. Michael Sagiv, Wingate Institute, Israel
(EGREPA President)

Prof. Dr. Heinz Mechling, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Germany
(Chairman of the organizing committee, EGREPA president elect)

Dr. Michael Brach, University of Bonn, Germany
(Congress Manager)


Contact:
http://www.egrepa.org
conference2006@...

Thanks to Will for raising the question. I’m
afraid the following thoughts are purely from a
cycling perspective but there might be some relevant references below.

The predictions made by Shaun can be confirmed
using the most recent mathematical model for the
cycling power-speed relationship described by Jim
Martin (Martin et al.. 1998). The ‘time of
action’ issue mentioned by Stephen Seiler has
been investigated in a cycling context by David
Swain (Swain et al., 1997), who confirmed that
times will always be slower with variable
(compared to still) wind conditions, all other
factors being equal. Within the latter issue is
the notion that if an athlete can increase power
in the headwind section and decrease power in the
tailwind section so that total work done is
unchanged, times will be improved. This is
because the variations in speed due to the
headwind/tailwinds will be reduced so the time
losses will be minimized. David Swain also
investigated this notion and I was involved in a
bit of similar work using Jim Martin’s equation
(Atkinson et al., 2004), which showed that time
savings could be practically worthwhile with this
variable-type pacing strategy. The follow-up
question here is how much an athlete can actually
increase and decrease power at the appropriate
times (in the headwind and tailwind sections of a
race, respectively), given that the athlete would
have to increase power in the sections of the
race in which most time is spent, i.e. the
headwind sections. We (Atkinson and Brunskill,
2000) investigated this question but only over
one particular scenario (a simulated 16.1-km ‘out
and back’ cycling time trial with simulated
8-km/h headwinds/tailwinds) and we found that 5%
power variations were just about acceptable to the athletes.

References

Atkinson G, Peacock O, Passfield L. (2004). The
"time-saving" hypothesis in cycling:
Cross-validation and prediction of practical
impact. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36, 831p.

Atkinson, G. and Brunskill, A. (2000). Pacing
strategies during a cycling time trial with
simulated headwinds and tailwinds. Ergonomics, 43, 1449-1460.

Martin, J.C., Milliken, D.L., Cobb, J.E.,
McFadden, K.L. and Coggan, A.R. (1998).
Validation of a mathematical model for road
cycling power. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 14, 276-291.

Swain, D.P. (1997). A model for optimizing
cycling performance by varying power on hills and
in wind. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 1104-1108.


Greg Atkinson
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences
Liverpool John Moores University
Henry Cotton Campus
Webster Street
Liverpool L3 2ET

Tel. +44 (0) 151 231 4249
Fax. +44 (0) 151 231 4353
Email. G.Atkinson@...
Chronobiology group website: http://cwis.livjm.ac.uk/SPS/RISES/70413.htm





-----Original Message-----
From: Will Hopkins [mailto:will@...]
Sent: 16 December 2005 08:35
To: Amy Taylor-Mason; Carl Paton; Alan Batterham;
Brendon Downey; Greg Atkinson; Iñigo Mujika;
Steve Olivier; Ken Daley; Peter Mellow; Steve Marshall
Subject: Thanks for your contribution...

...to the latest issue of Sportscience.  You can
now view the articles at http://sportsci.org
.  Hope you can help again next year, either by
contributing or reviewing an article.

Steve, please get that critique to me ASAP!

Will

Will G Hopkins, PhD FACSM
Work +64 9 921 9793, Fax +64 9 921 9960
Home +64 9 376 0198, Cell +64 27 427 2518
Health Science/Sport and Recreation
AUT University
Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1020, New Zealand
will@...
Statistics: http://newstats.org
Sportscience: http://sportsci.org
---------------------------------
Be creative: break rules.

Assistant Professor
Biomechanics / Motor Control
Department of Exercise Science
School of Public Health and Health Sciences

University of Massachusetts Amherst

Position: Assistant Professor, Tenure-Track in area of Biomechanics / Motor Control

Appointment: Nine-month appointment, starting date September, 2006

Qualifications: Completed Doctorate in Exercise Science, Kinesiology, Engineering, Psychology or related field required; post-doctoral experience desirable; evidence of quality publication record required; evidence of success or potential for external grant funding required; University-level teaching experience desirable.  Applicants are sought who would compliment current departmental strengths.  Particular areas of interest include, but are not limited to: ergonomics (e.g., work-related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace design), clinical biomechanics (e.g., prevention or rehabilitation of injuries or disabilities), neuromuscular function (e.g., disorders of movement, posture or locomotion), and the impact of aging on these processes. We are particularly interested in individuals who can teach a diverse student body.

Responsibilities: The successful candidate is expected to establish and maintain an externally funded research program recognized at regional, national and international levels, to be actively committed to teaching at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, and perform relevant University and professional service.  Interpersonal and communication skills that promote strong collaborations in research, teaching and program development with established faculty within the Department, School and University are essential.

Salary: Competitive and commensurate with qualifications.

University Description: The University of Massachusetts Amherst is a vibrant and growing institution, committed to the vigorous enhancement of its stature as a leading public research university.  Amherst, the flagship campus of the University system, is home to 19,400 undergraduate and 5,700 graduate students, and a world-class faculty in a community fully committed to growth in scholarship, creative performance and production, opportunity, diversity and inclusion.  The campus is a member of the Five College Consortium and collaborates with Amherst, Hampshire, Mount Holyoke and Smith Colleges on many initiatives and projects.  The campus is in the first year of Amherst 250, an ambitious project to recruit an additional 250 new faculty members over the next five years.  Moreover, a $560 million, five-year capital improvement plan is currently underway, including new construction, renovations and other infrastructure enhancements.  Additional information about the campus and School of Public Health and Health Sciences is available online at http://www.umass.edu and http://www.umass.edu/sphhs.

Department Description: The Department of Exercise Science (www.umass.edu/sphhs/exsci/) offers an interdisciplinary approach to the study of human movement through investigation of its mechanical, neurological, biochemical, molecular, physiological and behavioral components. The Department currently serves over 300 undergraduate majors and 45 M.S. and Ph.D. graduate students, with 11 tenure track faculty and several research faculty, post-doctoral fellows and lecturers. Departmental research funding currently comes from the Government, Foundation and other sources including the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation and the American Diabetes Association. The Department was ranked 6^th in the nation in the 2005 evaluation of doctoral programs for 2004-05 conducted by the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education.

Application Process: Applicants should mail a letter of application, curriculum vitae, statement of research plans and teaching philosophy, three reprints and a list of three references to: Biomechanics / Motor Control Faculty Search, c/o Dr. Gary Kamen, Department of Exercise Science, Totman 110, University of Massachusetts, 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst, MA 01003. Review of applications will begin February 1, 2006 and continue until the position is filled.

The University of Massachusetts is an Affirmative Action Equal Opportunity Employer. Women and members of minority groups are encouraged to apply.

-- Gary Kamen, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Exercise Science
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Amherst, MA 01003
Tel 413-545-0784
Fax 413-545-2906
E-mail Kamen@...

Assistant Professor
Department of Exercise Science
School of Public Health and Health Sciences
University of Massachusetts Amherst

Position: Assistant Professor of Exercise Science in the concentration area of Physical Activity and Health

Appointment: Tenure-track, nine-month appointment, starting September, 2006

Qualifications: Earned doctorate in Exercise Science, Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology or Health Promotion; record of scholarly research; evidence of success or strong potential for extramural funding; post-doctoral experience desirable; demonstrated ability to teach in a higher education setting. Preference will be given to applicants with a clear research agenda and strategy for seeking external funding, research experience in a community, school, worksite, or medical setting; ability to work cooperatively with faculty and staff in a broad range of Exercise Science academic programs. 

Responsibilities: The successful candidate is expected to be a major contributor to externally funded research programs in the areas of Personal and Community Wellness and Program Interventions; teach undergraduate and graduate courses in Fitness/Wellness Promotion and Intervention, guide graduate student research, engage underserved populations and actively participate in service to professional and University organizations. Interpersonal and communication skills that promote strong collaborations in research, teaching and program development with established faculty within the Department, School and University are essential.

Salary: Competitive and commensurate with qualifications.

University Description: The University of Massachusetts Amherst is a vibrant and growing institution, committed to the vigorous enhancement of its stature as a leading public research university.  Amherst, the flagship campus of the University system, is home to 19,400 undergraduate and 5,700 graduate students, and a world-class faculty in a community fully committed to growth in scholarship, creative performance and production, opportunity, diversity and inclusion.  The campus is a member of the Five College Consortium and collaborates with Amherst, Hampshire, Mount Holyoke and Smith Colleges on many initiatives and projects.  The campus is in the first year of Amherst 250, an ambitious project to recruit an additional 250 new faculty members over the next five years.  Moreover, a $560 million, five-year capital improvement plan is currently underway, including new construction, renovations and other infrastructure enhancements.  Additional information about the campus and School of Public Health and Health Sciences is available online at http://www.umass.edu and http://www.umass.edu/sphhs.

Department Description: The Department of Exercise Science (www.umass.edu/sphhs/exsci/) offers an interdisciplinary approach to the study of human movement through investigation of its mechanical, neurological, biochemical, molecular, physiological and behavioral components. The Department currently serves over 300 undergraduate majors and 45 M.S. and Ph.D. graduate students, with 11 tenure track faculty and several research faculty, post-doctoral fellows and lecturers. Departmental research funding currently comes from the Government, Foundation and other sources including the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation and the American Diabetes Association. The Department was ranked 6^th in the nation in the 2005 evaluation of doctoral programs for 2004-05 conducted by the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education.

Application Process: Applicants should mail a letter of application, curriculum vitae, statement of research plans and teaching philosophy, three reprints and a list of three references to: Physical Activity and Health Faculty Search, c/o  Dr. Frank Rife, Department of Exercise Science, Totman 109, University of Massachusetts, 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst, MA 01003. Review of applications will begin February 1, 2006 and continue until the position is filled.

The University of Massachusetts is an Affirmative Action Equal Opportunity Employer. Women and members of minority groups are encouraged to apply.

-- Gary Kamen, Ph.D., FACSM
Professor
Department of Exercise Science
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Totman Building
Amherst, MA 01003-9258
Tel 413-545-0784
Fax 413-545-2906
kamen@...
http://www.umass.edu/sphhs/exsci/index.html

Assistant Professor
Biomechanics / Motor Control
Department of Exercise Science
School of Public Health and Health Sciences
University of Massachusetts Amherst

Position: Assistant Professor, Tenure-Track in area of Biomechanics / Motor Control

Appointment: Nine-month appointment, starting date September, 2006

Qualifications: Completed Doctorate in Exercise Science, Kinesiology, Engineering, Psychology or related field required; post-doctoral experience desirable; evidence of quality publication record required; evidence of success or potential for external grant funding required; University-level teaching experience desirable.  Applicants are sought who would compliment current departmental strengths.  Particular areas of interest include, but are not limited to: ergonomics (e.g., work-related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace design), clinical biomechanics (e.g., prevention or rehabilitation of injuries or disabilities), neuromuscular function (e.g., disorders of movement, posture or locomotion), and the impact of aging on these processes. We are particularly interested in individuals who can teach a diverse student body.

Responsibilities: The successful candidate is expected to establish and maintain an externally funded research program recognized at regional, national and international levels, to be actively committed to teaching at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, and perform relevant University and professional service.  Interpersonal and communication skills that promote strong collaborations in research, teaching and program development with established faculty within the Department, School and University are essential.

Salary: Competitive and commensurate with qualifications.

University Description: The University of Massachusetts Amherst is a vibrant and growing institution, committed to the vigorous enhancement of its stature as a leading public research university.  Amherst, the flagship campus of the University system, is home to 19,400 undergraduate and 5,700 graduate students, and a world-class faculty in a community fully committed to growth in scholarship, creative performance and production, opportunity, diversity and inclusion.  The campus is a member of the Five College Consortium and collaborates with Amherst, Hampshire, Mount Holyoke and Smith Colleges on many initiatives and projects.  The campus is in the first year of Amherst 250, an ambitious project to recruit an additional 250 new faculty members over the next five years.  Moreover, a $560 million, five-year capital improvement plan is currently underway, including new construction, renovations and other infrastructure enhancements.  Additional information about the campus and School of Public Health and Health Sciences is available online at http://www.umass.edu and http://www.umass.edu/sphhs.

Department Description: The Department of Exercise Science (www.umass.edu/sphhs/exsci/) offers an interdisciplinary approach to the study of human movement through investigation of its mechanical, neurological, biochemical, molecular, physiological and behavioral components. The Department currently serves over 300 undergraduate majors and 45 M.S. and Ph.D. graduate students, with 11 tenure track faculty and several research faculty, post-doctoral fellows and lecturers. Departmental research funding currently comes from the Government, Foundation and other sources including the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation and the American Diabetes Association. The Department was ranked 6^th in the nation in the 2005 evaluation of doctoral programs for 2004-05 conducted by the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education.

Application Process: Applicants should mail a letter of application, curriculum vitae, statement of research plans and teaching philosophy, three reprints and a list of three references to: Biomechanics / Motor Control Faculty Search, c/o Dr. Gary Kamen, Department of Exercise Science, Totman 110, University of Massachusetts, 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst, MA 01003. Review of applications will begin February 1, 2006 and continue until the position is filled.

The University of Massachusetts is an Affirmative Action Equal Opportunity Employer. Women and members of minority groups are encouraged to apply.

-- Gary Kamen, Ph.D., FACSM
Professor
Department of Exercise Science
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Totman Building
Amherst, MA 01003-9258
Tel 413-545-0784
Fax 413-545-2906
kamen@...
http://www.umass.edu/sphhs/exsci/index.html

Hello List Moderator,
Over a year has past since I proposed that whole food does not replace
the disease-deficiency preventative micronutrient Recommended Dietary
Intake (RDI) levels. After 10 years analysis Recommended Dietary
Intake(RDI)-micronutrients and calorie-macronutrients in whole foods,
I found NO single menu that replaced 100% of the RDI micronutrients,
however a high percentage of subjects replaced more than their
required 100% calories (macronutrients).

From over 70 menu diets analyzed, I selected those menus, which listed
between 70-120 foods from 10 men and 10 women, 17 of twhom were 20
were competitive endurance athletes, 3 were sedentary subjects. Ten
(10) vitamins and Seven (7) minerals from the selected 20 diets
submitted were analyzed based on RDA/RDI. Of the 17 micronutrients
analyzed, 40.5% of 340 micronutrient entries were at less than the
100% RDI preventative disease-disorder deficiency level. This paper
was susequently published in the Townsend Letter for Doctors and
Patients April 2005 issue.

We are taught by AMA and ADA practitioners that a "Balanced Diet"
provides 100% of the RDA micronutrients for 80% of the population.

This begs a question:

   1. Is there a "Balanced Diet" that will supply 10 vitamins and 7
      minerals at the RDI deficiency-disease preventative level?

To confirm this classroom proposition, I selected one food "high" in
each of 10 vitamins and 7 minerals and performed a computerized
dietary analysis on the 17 whole foods selected. Though the 17 food
items replaced 100% of the 17 micronutrients, it requires consuming
28.75 pounds of food containing 17,854 calories (52% protein, 31% fat,
17% carbohydrate). This is nearly 5 times the calories (492%) required
by an active 154-lb, 40-year active male endurance athlete. To spend
these calories, a male 40 or over athlete would need to run an aerobic
pace 158 miles/day.

Here are the foods that replace 100% of the RDI from 10 vitamins and 7
minerals:

    RDI "BALANCED DIET" 10 VITAMINS + 7 MINERALS FOOD LIST

    NUTRIENT---RDI----FOOD---------AMOUNT-----CALORIES
    Vitamin B-3 19 mg Peanut Butter 9 tablespoons 846
    Vitamin B-12 2 mcg Milk (2%) 2.5 cups 300*
    Potassium 5000 mg Prunes 4 cups 1540
    Folate 400 mcg Oranges 11 each 677
    Iodine 150 mcg Sea Kelp 4 ounces 273
    Vitamin D 600 iu Pink Salmon 10 lbs 6297
    Zinc 16 mg Oyster 8.3 grams 11
    Vitamin E 15 mg Wheat Germ Oil 6 grams 53
    Calcium 1000 mg Milk (2%) 1.0 cups 123*(Milk)
    Selenium 70 mcg Beef Liver 6.4 ounces 258
    Vitamin K 45 mcg Spinach 17 grams 4
    Magnesium 400 mg Halibut 1.07 lbs 533
    Vitamin B-6 2.0 mg Walnuts 350 grams 2128
    Vitamin B-2 1.7 mg Milk 0.8 cup 97*(Milk)
    Phosphorus 1000 mg Milk 4.3 cups -0-*(Milk)
    Vitamin A 5000 iu Beef Liver 1.7 ounces -0-*(Liver)
    Vitamin B-1 1.5 mg Turkey Breast 7.7 lbs 4714
    ==========================================================
    TOTAL....13.05 grams...17 Foods...28.75 lbs...17,854 K/Cals

A whole host of disorders and diseases predictably occur from
prolonged micronutrient deficiency. Consuming the RDI value for all
micronutrients from foods alone is unlikely. Consuming daily
micronutrient supplements with a balanced whole food menu is
recommended. After analyzing over 70 individual menu's consisting of
6650 whole food entries over a period of 10 years, I found NO single
diet from those submitted (including 3 of my own design) that supplied
100% at the RDI level. Until sport scientists are willing to examine
this question, it will not go away, athletes spending energy run the
risk of suboptimal performance not because of effort or science
application, but because of micronutrient dose neglect.

Disclosure: I am employed by a micronutrient supplement manufacturer.

Best wishes and kindest regards,

Dr. Bill Misner, Ph.D., C.S.M.T.
AAMA Board Certified Alternative Medicine Practitioner
Certification #38272409
Director Research & Product Development
E-CAPS INC. & HAMMER NUTRITION

[I asked Andy to repost with an explanation of CdA, yaw and bluff,
but he did not reply.--Moderator]

I'm not sure why you focus exclusively on the pure head/tailwind
situation, since obviously that would occur only a tiny fraction of
the time. In any case, as I pointed out to Greg Atkinson
offlist, it is possible for at least a cyclist on an out-back or loop
course to be faster under wind vs. no-wind conditions. This is true
since CdA tends to vary as a function of yaw angle (i.e., cyclists
do not behave like purely bluff bodies). Specifically, if the
reduction in CdA due to a crosswind is greater than the increase in
effective wind speed, then less power is required to overcome wind
resistance, or conversely, a given power output results in a higher
speed. You can show this yourself using "elementary first-order
differential calculus" using the model of Martin et al., but in fact
Chet Kyle already did so (in a paper in Cycling Science) well before
that study was published.

Bill,

Here is a short response from an Australian perspective.

In your classroom exercise, you chose 17 foods that each provide the RDI
for one micronutrient, and conclude that the total weight of food needed
to meet all RDIs is 28.75 pounds (13 kg), providing 17,854 kcals (74,700
kJ).

However, many (probably all) of the foods you have chosen provide more
than one essential micronutrient at nutritionally significant levels. If
you conduct a full desktop nutritional analysis of your 17 foods, I am
pretty confident you will find that all the RDIs are met many times
over.

I have other problems with your list of foods, including:

(i) The list is somewhat restricted--where are the orange-yellow
vegetables, green vegetables (apart from spinach), whole-grain bread,
other fruits besides oranges and prunes, and legumes? The quantities of
other necessary foods would be less if you included these in your list.

(ii) There is a repetition of 'milk' (it appears four times for four
different micronutrients to a total of ~8 cups).

(iii) You have chosen 'turkey breast' as a 'rich' source of thiamin (Vit
B1), with 7.7 pounds (3.5 kg) of turkey breast meeting the RDI; but if
you had chosen 'pork' you would have achieved the RDI for thiamin from
about 200-250 g of meat.

(iv) Your choice of 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of salmon to meet the RDI for
vitamin D, sounds a bit strange--according to Basu and Dickerson
(Vitamins in Human Health and Disease, 1996), 100 g of herring or
mackerel will provide 20-25 mcg of vitamin D, which is approximately
twice the (Australian) RDI (which in any case applies only if there is
no exposure to sunlight, because most of our vitamin D is formed by the
action of sunlight on the skin).

(v) Eleven oranges may be needed to provide 400 mcg of folate, but you
would need considerably less total weight of food to achieve the RDI if
you included leafy green vegetables, beans, peas and broccoli in your
calculations; and you already have liver in your list, another potent
source of folate.

I'll stop dissecting your list of foods here, but will point out that
there are many guides to healthy eating that are aimed at achieving the
RDIs for both macronutrients and micronutrients. For example, the
Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE) claims to be "... based on
widely accepted scientific principles and has been informed by the
Dietary Guidelines for Australians and the Recommended Dietary Intakes
for use in Australia."

The URL for the home page of the AGHE is:

<http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-pu
bhlth-strateg-food-guide-index.htm>

The need for micronutrients (and two macronutrients, protein and
carbohydrate) does increase with physical activity, but if the sources
of the extra energy required to maintain body weight are based on a
sound guide such as the AGHE, these extra requirements will be met in
most circumstances.

There are particular nutrients that may be marginal in some areas or
circumstances. Two examples are iodine and iron. There is a debate about
the adequacy of iodine in the food supply in parts of Australia and New
Zealand, partly because of iodine-deficient soils in those areas. And
'sports anaemia' may lead to an increased need for iron in some
endurance athletes.

However, I still believe that it is possible to meet the RDIs on a
whole-food diet for the vast majority of people, including athletes, and
that optimal performance will only occasionally require supplementation
(e.g. possibly with iodine in parts of Australia and New Zealand, or
iron if sports anaemia is a problem) and then only when there is
evidence for the nutritional deficiency.

Unsupervised supplementation, in the hope of avoiding deficiency or
boosting performance, is potentially harmful. For example,
self-administered iron supplementation by an athlete would be wholly
inappropriate if undiagnosed haemochromatosis exists.

Chris Forbes-Ewan

Defence Scientist (Nutrition) S&T5
Defence Nutrition
Human Protection and Performance Division
Defence Science and Technology Organisation
74 George St  Scottsdale  Tasmania

Postal Address:
DSTO-Scottsdale
PO Box 147
SCOTTSDALE  Tas  7260
AUSTRALIA

Phone: Int + 61 3 6352 6607 (03 6352 6607 within Australia)
Fax:   Int + 61 3 6352 3044 (03 6352 3044 within Australia)

I must say I was very pleased to read the informed reply by Chris
Forbes-Ewan to Bill's earlier classroom exercise in micronutrient
availability.  Not being a nutritionist, I had not responded, even though
I completely disagreed with Bill's conclusions.  I think Chris dissected
the erroneous methodology of your exercise nicely.  So, Bill, I will
challenge you on another side. This is not a personal attack because I am
sure you mean well. But, you have made a rather powerful claim here.

So, if the normal diet were so clearly inadequate in critical
micronutrients as your data suggested, why do we not see an abundance of
overt clinical cases of deficiency disease in the western medical and
sports medicine literature?  And, second, please provide us even a partial
list of references to well-controlled studies demonstrating a
physiological effect of micronutrient supplemtation in either untrained,
or trained subjects.

Given the extremely serious risk of being unknowingly exposed to BANNED
substances with spurious use of "supplements" available on the market
today, I think it is very important that athletes NOT be exposed to
spurious nutritional analyses that can confuse them into believing they
have much to gain with rampant supplement use.  There is no doubt a need
for supplementation for some athletes under some conditions, but the
decisions made and products ingested should be considered carefully.

If you are an elite athlete (and thereby subject to random drug testing)
reading this, I would go so far as to recommend that you NOT consume ANY
nutritional supplement without first clearing the product with your
national sports authority's nutritional experts.

regards,

Stephen Seiler Ph.D

Bill,

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 has a beautifully straightfoward
illustration of how foods can meet micronutrient needs on relatively few
calories. Go to http://www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines/
and click on the 4.8MB PDF link.  You'll get the full document for downloading
including a chapter-by-chapter breakdown.  Click on Chapter 2, entitled
"Adequate nutrients within calorie needs."  One table outlines recommended food
choices for a 2,000 calorie intake following the Food Guide Pyramid and DASH
diet plans.  On the next page a table lists the nutrient composition of both
2,000 calorie dietary plans.  The micronutrient composition meets and often
exceeds all micronutrient DRIs.  Extrapolating the micronutrient intake of
athletes' higher calorie needs is then very simple.

The key to achieving adequate micronutrient intakes for performance should be
based on balanced choices among largely plant-based whole foods to ensure
long-term health and wellbeing.  Although athletes may be primarily concerned
with the here and now of their performance goals, nutrition professionals cannot
lose sight of the fact that these clients will also hopefully outlive their
athletic careers and have similar diet-related concerns as "ordinary" citizens
(e.g., osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration, etc.).  For
optimal overall chronic disease risk reduction, the evidence to date is
overwhelmingly in favor of a varied, plant-based, whole food eating pattern
rather than limited food choices supplemented with pills.

Sincerely,

Annie C. Wetter, PhD, CSCS
Asst. Professor of Nutrition
University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point

I agree with Dr. Wetter on most points except the "outlive their athletic
careers".  When I work with a client, I take the view that I would like this
person to be able to participate in athletics at 60 or 70 or beyond.  This
is fundamental to healthy aging and quality of life.  In order for someone
to do this, they must have a foundation of health.  Even at 30, you won't be
a good athlete unless you are healthy.  You can't be healthy with poor food
choices and pills.  Protein powder does not substitute for all the nutrients
that eggs, fish or beans delivers.  A food bar does not deliver the same
constellation of nutrients that a sandwich (of equal calories) made with
whole grain bread, lean meat, avocado and other vegetables will deliver.
     More and more studies are demonstrating that supplements do not
substitute for or even mimic the magic of whole foods, especially plant
foods. Supplements represent the limit of our understanding. Supplements can
play an important role, but not in place of food. In foods there are complex
nutrient interactions,  substances we have not yet identified,  synergistic
relationships within foods, and physiological effects that we have yet to
discover.
Deborah

Deborah Shulman, Ph.D.
www.BodyScience.us
dshulman@...
(970) 481-2523

Hello Chris, Stephen, Annie, and Deborah,
Kindly take note, several colleagues have made similar statements but
none of them have designed a food list for a single 24-hour period
from whole foods only (no supplemental enriched foods) that supplies
the RDA or RDI for micronutrients, protein, carbohydrate, and 2 fatty
acids Omega-3 & Omega-6.

I printed out the 12-page USDA Table 1 USDA 2000-calorie Level
"Balanced Diet." Next, I copied food servings as recommended and
analyzed the following:

GROUP......USDA FOOD AMOUNT...........FOODS......................

FRUIT......2 cups or 4 servings.......2 Apples & 2 Oranges

VEGETABLES 2.5 cups or 5 servings.....2.5 cups Vegetables (mixed)

GRAIN......6 ounces = 7-8 servings....6 oz whole wheat flour

MEATS......5.5 ounces.................5.5 oz chicken breast (no skin)

MILK.......3 cups.....................3 cups 2% low fat milk

SUGAR......267 calories...............5.5 tablespoons (discretionary)

RESULTS: The Diet Analysis Software default was set to measure RDA &
Harris-Benedict for energy expenditure for a heavily-active 69-inch
height, 70-kg, 40-y male. The 2000-calorie "Balanced Diet" menu
analysed contained 2066 calories, was 20-29% below basal calorie
requirement, deficient (less than RDA standard)in Iodine, Zinc,
Vitamin E, alpha-Tocopherol, Biotin, Pantothenate, Omega-3 Essential
Fatty Acid, and Copper. In addition Three micronutrients, Iron,
Vitamin B-12, and Folate were adequate at the former RDA level but did
not meet the new RDI standard. Add to the equation, extraordinary
exercise intensity or duration, and the need for water soluble
micronutrients, calories, and several minerals increases profoundly.

This reply was compiled and analyzed in only a few hours to
demonstrate a personal 10-year frustration with the touted adequacy of
the mythical "Balanced Diet." Take away enriched-milk and
enriched-breads from a food-only menu, the so-named mythical "Balanced
Diet" provides neither an RDA or RDI micronutrient recommendation.

Of over 70 diets analyzed between 1996-2005 (85% endurance athletes)
who attempted to consume a balanced diet that provided the RDI (former
RDA) micronutrients. Interestingly, 3 of those 70 diets were designed
by me. NONE of these diets (including mine) supplied 100% of either
RDA or RDI values. Stephen, as you know science reports nutritional
deficiency disease only in 3rd-world regions where caloric deficiency
is severe. I am not aware of any responsible research review paper
published that has determined micronutrient deficiency disease
associated with a calorie-adequate menu. Myriads of research papers
report an association of degenerative disease-disorders with severe
chronic micronutrient deficiency. What needs to be examined is the
plausibility of disease-onset associated with chronic micronutrient
deficiency in a calorie-sufficient imbalanced menu. Could it be that a
calorie-adequate "Balanced Diet" creates subclinical chronic
micronutrient deficiency to active competitive athletes.

If there is a balanced diet that supplies (adequate not excessive)
calories for 1 day and provides either the RDA or RDI micronutrient
level, I have not seen such a menu nor have I confirmed by computer
analysis that a "Balanced Diet" supplies 100% of the RDA or RDI
micronutrients. If any of you have such a menu, send it to me and I
will analyze the food list and report back whether it satisfies the
RDA/RDI levels from food alone. Enriched food sources (bread-milk) are
not be permitted as they are the same as taking dietary supplements.
Whether a food has the micronutrients added/inserted within, this is
no different than a dietary supplement with the same micronutrient
enclosed in a capsule or tablet. A whole food-only 24-hour menu that
supplies the RDA or RDI for micronutrients, protein, carbohydrates,
and 2 fatty acids Omega-3 & Omega-6 at the RDI level is requested. I
recognize that there are differences by region and some interpretation
of essential fatty acid requirements.

Disclosure: My First Data Bank Nutrition IV Diet Analysis software is
not the most current nor accurate software to analyze a whole food
menu. Newer software is I confess more accurate and current.

Do not tell me the "Balanced Diet" supplies 100% RDA/RDI micronutrient
levels. Do show a single 1-day whole food menu that provides 100%
RDA/RDI-adequacy without generating excessive unnecessary calories.

Best wishes and kindest regards,

Bill Misner, Ph.D., C.S.M.T.

Bill,

I took you up on your offer to design a 1-day diet that would be
composed of minimally processed whole foods in an attempt to supply
roughly 100% of the current DRI's for the man in question (40 yrs old,
70kg, 69").  Since much of our discussion revolves around the reference
2,000kcal diet, I set this individual's activity level to "lightly
active" such that his energy needs would be close to 2,000kcals.
Clearly, if this client were an athlete, he would be consuming far more
food and thus nutrients.  But, we must focus first on one scenario
(2,000kcals) and then use it as a reference for subsequent conditions
(e.g., "heavily-active" male).

My 1-day diet provides 2070 kcals (slightly less than his predicted need
of 2116).  It provided tons of protein (110g instead of 0.8g/kg * 70kg =
56g), but there is no research evidence to date that suggests this level
of intake is of health concern.  The balance of macronuts as a percent
of total kcals is 20% protein, 50% CHO (35g fiber), 30% fat. Based on
the FGP rec's, my diet is slightly low in grains (~7 servings), high in
veggies (4.5) and meat (3), moderate in fruits (2.5) and dairy (2.5).

Regarding micronutrients, the following micronutrients were below
recommended: vit E (78%), folate (79%), biotin (79%), and molybdenum
(54%).  Unfortunately, the nutrient content data for each food is
incomplete in the database I have access to (Nutritionist Pro, 1.1.96).
Molybdenum was often not listed, and vitamin E was often absent as well,
including from peanut butter which is a vit E rich food. In addition,
folate was not listed in some of the whole grain items.  Thus, I am
confident that the amount of these nutrients in my 1-day diet are
actually present in higher amounts.

All of the following nutrients were present at or safely above (not in
excess, i.e., UL) of recommended: vits A, C, D, thiamin, riboflavin,
niacin. B6, B12, pantothenic acid, K (despite its absence from the
analysis of several foods); Cr, Se, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, P, Fe, and Ca.
Iodine was not available, nor was there a complete assessment of omega-3
and -6 FA's.

I would also like to make a few comments regarding your guidelines and
justify why I might have deviated from them in designing my diet.  I
apologize in advance if I have misunderstood anything you wrote
previously.  If I have, please clarify.

1. select "whole foods only (no supplemental enriched foods)"

You did not explain why you eliminate enriched foods from the diet.  If
your aim is to show the necessity of enriching grains with iron and
several B-vitamins as we have done in the US for decades, then your
point is well made.  With that said, I did try to limit the number of
fortified foods (such as breakfast cereal).  Also, the database I am
using is old, and thus for some grain items it did not list folate or
the folate content suggested the grains were not enriched with folate.

You're correct in asserting that adding vitamin D to milk is not
different than taking a vit D supplement.  In the end however, I'm not
sure what the practical implications of this assertion are other than to
confirm that some nutrients are difficult to obtain in the diet.  We
knew that decades ago when my mother was forced to take a spoonful of
fish-oil every week.  So what.  Now we add vitamin D to milk.  I'm
grateful for that because now I don't have to endure fishy smelling
burps.

You may have noticed that it is extremely difficult to find in ordinary
grocery stores bread made with unenriched flour, milk unfortified with
vitamin D, among other commonly enriched foods.  When counseling people
on food choices, unless there is a sound scientific or other rational
reason to suggest they seek out foods that are not commonly available,
such advice seems irresponsible.  Unless we all want to be like Scott
Jurek who grinds his own grain (and wins ultra-endurance running races),
then we should assume most clients will be ordinary individuals with
families and jobs, thus dependent on normal grocery stores and common
food items therein.

I'm not clear on why we should suggest a client eat "whole grain flour"
when bread, rice, bulgur, barley, pasta, corn muffins all seem more
appetizing.  Flour is not a food, it is an ingredient used to make food.


I think it's also important to keep in mind that the processed through
100% whole foods continuum is just that, a continuum.  It's not a
dichotomy.  Whole grain bread is less processed than white bread, but it
is still more processed than whole wheat kernels.  In fact, the whole
grain flour in your diet is more processed than whole wheat kernels.
Wouldn't that thus qualify as a processed food and violate your rule?

2. Your diet based on the Food Guide Pyramid violates at least one
cardinal rule of creating a healthful diet: variety.  One can consume
almonds and this food will in part meet the "Meat and meat alternative"
servings.  I see no logical, practical, or scientific reason to limit
one's intake to the foods you have listed.

In my diet, all of the varied foods are common, appealing, and practical
to prepare and consume.

3. "deficient (less than RDA standard)" -- definition is imprecise

The reason it is key to precisely define the level of intake that
qualifies as deficient lies in the nature of deriving the DRI's (I won't
go into a discussion of this because too much space is required, but if
someone requests it I will follow up).  Ninety-five percent (95%) of the
RDA is not typically considered deficient, just as 105% of the RDA is
not typically considered excessive.  I have been told that intakes of
70% of recommended can be considered adequate, especially when
evaluating the intake of only 1 day (more on that below).  If someone
else on the list is more expert in the area of nutrient analysis, please
correct me if I am wrong.

4.  Use of 1-day's food intake to assess adequacy of the diet

In nutrition research, 1-day dietary intake is known to imprecisely
reflect one's true overall dietary intake.  Under certain circumstances
a 24-hour recall is used, but it is not considered the best method.  In
fact, the DRI's are not intended to be met for every single nutrient
every single day.  Rather, one should strive *on-average* to consume
~100% of the DRI's.  Thus, an accurate assesment of one's diet requires
that several days (3-days is a good minimum) of food intake be analyzed.
This is essential because food intake in reality varies from day to day
and this fact should not be ignored.  It is not unhealthful for nutrient
intake to vary from day to day as a result, and averaging out this
variability provides a better estimate of whether a diet meets one's
nutrient needs.

Regards,
Annie

Annie C. Wetter, PhD, CSCS
Assistant Professor of Nutrition & Dietetics
Coordinator of the Nutritional Science Master's Program
School of Health Promotion & Human Development
University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
CPS Bldg, room 224
Stevens Point, WI  54481
T: 715.346.2108
F: 715.346.2720
E: Annie.Wetter@...

POSITION:  The Community Health Institute at Kansas State University is
seeking applicants for graduate research assistants in the area of youth
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Successful candidates should have experience or interest in with working
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APPLICATION:  Applicants should submit a cover letter stating future
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Kansas Health Foundation Professor and Director
Community Health Institute
Natatorium 8
Kansas State University
Manhattan KS 66506
dadx@...

Screening:  Positions are currently available. The screening of applicants
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