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Thread-Topic: Are calcium requirements increased by high sweat rates?
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From: "Forbes-Ewan, Chris" <Chris.Forbes-Ewan@...>
Subject: Are calcium requirements increased by high sweat rates?
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A recent review of nutritional requirements of active people in the
heat, conducted by a group of researchers at a prominent university,
included the conclusion that '... there are no indications that calcium
requirements are increased in the heat ...'=20
I conducted a PubMed search for 'calcium in sweat' and found twelve
relevant references from the scientific literature of the last decade or
so. The references are shown at the bottom of this message.
From the references, it appears that calcium losses in sweat are
variable, but generally in the range 40-70 mg/L. I have measured sweat
rates exceeding 1 L/h for soldiers patrolling in hot-dry and hot-wet
climates. Even higher sweat rates have been reported for endurance
athletes (the highest being 3.7 L/h for Alberto Salazar during the 1984
Olympic Marathon: Armstrong, L. et al. (1986). The Physician and Sports
Medicine 14(3): 73-81.
Soldiers and ultramarathon athletes who engage in vigorous physical work
in hot climates, often for more than ten hours per day, could be losing
hundreds of milligrams of calcium in sweat each day. Under these
circumstances, I don't believe it is appropriate to conclude that '...
there are no indications that calcium requirements are increased in the
heat ...'=20
What do others think about this?
Chris Forbes-Ewan
Assistant Site Manager and
Defence Scientist (Nutrition) S&T5
Defence Nutrition and Food Technology
Human Protection and Performance Division
74 George St Scottsdale Tasmania
Postal Address:
DSTO-Scottsdale
PO Box 147
SCOTTSDALE Tas 7260
AUSTRALIA
Phone: Int + 61 3 6352 6607 (03 6352 6607 within Australia)
Fax: Int + 61 3 6352 3044 (03 6352 3044 within Australia)
The opinions expressed in this message are those of the author, and
should not be taken to represent the position of the Defence Science and
Technology Organisation or of the Australian Department of Defence.
Relevant references found through PubMed:
Barry DW, Kohrt WM. (2007). Acute effects of 2 hours of
moderate-intensity cycling on serum parathyroid hormone and calcium.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17549534?ordinalpos=3D16&itool=3DEntrez=
S
ystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubm
ed_RVDocSum> Calcif Tissue Int. 80(6):359-65.=20
Bullen DB, O'Toole ML, Johnson KC. (1999). Calcium losses resulting from
an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477363?ordinalpos=3D79&itool=3DEntrez=
S
ystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubm
ed_RVDocSum> Int J Sport Nutr. Sep;9(3):275-84.
Chinevere TD, Kenefick RW, Cheuvront SN, Lukaski HC, Sawka MN. (2008).
Effect of heat acclimation on sweat minerals.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18408609?ordinalpos=3D5&itool=3DEntrezS=
y
stem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubme
d_RVDocSum> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 40(5):886-91.
Kunstel K. (2005). Calcium requirements for the athlete.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16004829?ordinalpos=3D40&itool=3DEntrez=
S
ystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubm
ed_RVDocSum> Curr Sports Med Rep. 4(4):203-6.=20
Martin BR, Davis S, Campbell WW, Weaver CM. (2007). Exercise and calcium
supplementation: effects on calcium homeostasis in sportswomen.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17805076?ordinalpos=3D14&itool=3DEntrez=
S
ystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubm
ed_RVDocSum> Med Sci Sports Exerc. Sep;39(9):1481-6.
Montain SJ, Cheuvront SN, Lukaski HC. (2007). Sweat mineral-element
responses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18156662?ordinalpos=3D10&itool=3DEntrez=
S
ystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubm
ed_RVDocSum> Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 17(6):574-82.
O'Toole ML, Johnson KC, Satterfield S, Bush AJ, Koo WW, Klesges RC,
Applegate WB. (2000). Do sweat calcium losses affect bone mass during
firefighter training?
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11094783?ordinalpos=3D66&itool=3DEntrez=
S
ystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubm
ed_RVDocSum> J Occup Environ Med. Nov;42(11):1054-9.
Palacios C, Wigertz K, Weaver CM. (2003). Comparison of 24 hour whole
body versus patch tests for estimating body surface electrolyte losses.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14967871?ordinalpos=3D47&itool=3DEntrez=
S
ystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubm
ed_RVDocSum> Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 13(4):479-88.
Petrie HJ, Stover EA, Horswill CA. (2004). Nutritional concerns for the
child and adolescent competitor.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15212744?ordinalpos=3D46&itool=3DEntrez=
S
ystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubm
ed_RVDocSum> Nutrition.20(7-8):620-31.
Rianon N, Feeback D, Wood R, Driscoll T, Shackelford L, LeBlanc A.
(2003). Monitoring sweat calcium using skin patches.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14562998?ordinalpos=3D49&itool=3DEntrez=
S
ystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubm
ed_RVDocSum> Calcif Tissue Int. 72(6):694-7.
Sawka MN, Montain SJ. (2000). Fluid and electrolyte supplementation for
exercise heat stress.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10919961?ordinalpos=3D69&itool=3DEntrez=
S
ystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubm
ed_RVDocSum> Am J Clin Nutr. 72(2 Suppl):564S-72S.
Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. (1997). Whole body sweat collection in humans:
an improved method with preliminary data on electrolyte content.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9029235?ordinalpos=3D99&itool=3DEntrezS=
y
stem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubme
d_RVDocSum> J Appl Physiol. Jan;82(1):336-41.
=20
IMPORTANT: This email remains the property of the Australian Defence Organi=
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<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">A recent review of nutritional requirements of acti=
ve people in the heat, conducted by a group of researchers at a prominent u=
niversity, included the conclusion that</FONT><FONT SIZE=3D2 FACE=3D"Arial"=
></FONT> <FONT FACE=3D"Arial">'… there are no indications that calciu=
m requirements are increased in the heat …' </FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">I conducted a PubMed search for 'calcium in sweat' =
and found twelve relevant references from the scientific literature of the =
last decade or so. The references are shown at the bottom of this message.<=
/FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">From the references, it appears that calcium losses=
in sweat are variable, but generally in the range 40-70 mg/L. I have measu=
red sweat rates exceeding 1 L/h for soldiers patrolling in hot-dry and hot-=
wet climates. Even higher sweat rates have been reported for endurance athl=
etes (the highest being 3.7 L/h for Alberto Salazar during the 1984 Olympic=
Marathon: Armstrong, L. et al. (1986). The Physician and Sports Medicine 1=
4(3): 73-81.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Soldiers and ultramarathon athletes who engage in v=
igorous physical work in hot climates, often for more than ten hours per da=
y, could be losing hundreds of milligrams of calcium in sweat each day. Und=
er these circumstances, I don't believe it is appropriate to conclude that =
'… there are no indications that calcium requirements are increased i=
n the heat …' </FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">What do others think about this?</FONT>
</P>
<P><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">Chris Forbes-Ewan</FONT>
</P>
<P><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">Assistant Site Manager and</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">Defence Scientist (Nutrition) S&T5</=
FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">Defence Nutrition and Food Technology</F=
ONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">Human Protection and Performance Divisio=
n</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">74 George St Scottsdale Tasm=
ania</FONT>
</P>
<P><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">Postal Address:</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">DSTO-Scottsdale</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">PO Box 147</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">SCOTTSDALE Tas 7260</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">AUSTRALIA</FONT>
</P>
<P><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">Phone: Int + 61 3 6352 6607 (03 6352 6607=
within Australia)</FONT>
<BR><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">Fax: Int + 61 3 =
6352 3044 (03 6352 3044 within Australia)</FONT>
</P>
<P><FONT SIZE=3D1 FACE=3D"Tahoma">The opinions expressed in this message ar=
e those of the author, and should not be taken to represent the position of=
the Defence Science and Technology Organisation or of the Australian Depar=
tment of Defence.</FONT></P>
<BR>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Relevant references found through PubMed:</FONT>
</P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Barry DW, Kohrt WM. (2007). </FONT><A HREF=3D"http:=
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17549534?ordinalpos=3D16&itool=3DEntrezSy=
stem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_R=
VDocSum"><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Acute effects of 2 hours of moderate-intensit=
y cycling on serum parathyroid hormone and calcium.</FONT></A><FONT FACE=3D=
"Arial"> Calcif Tissue Int. 80(6):359-65. </FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Bullen DB, O'Toole ML, Johnson KC. (1999). </FONT><=
A HREF=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477363?ordinalpos=3D79&i=
tool=3DEntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultRepor=
tPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Calcium losses resulting from =
an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise.</FONT></A><FONT FACE=3D"Arial=
"> Int J Sport Nutr. Sep;9(3):275-84.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Chinevere TD, Kenefick RW, Cheuvront SN, Lukaski HC=
, Sawka MN. (2008). </FONT><A HREF=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18=
408609?ordinalpos=3D5&itool=3DEntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_Resul=
tsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Eff=
ect of heat acclimation on sweat minerals.</FONT></A><FONT FACE=3D"Arial"> =
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 40(5):886-91.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Kunstel K. (2005). </FONT><A HREF=3D"http://www.ncb=
i.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16004829?ordinalpos=3D40&itool=3DEntrezSystem2.PEn=
trez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">=
<FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Calcium requirements for the athlete.</FONT></A><FONT =
FACE=3D"Arial"> Curr Sports Med Rep. 4(4):203-6. </FONT>
</P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Martin BR, Davis S, Campbell WW, Weaver CM. (2007).=
</FONT><A HREF=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17805076?ordinalpos=
=3D14&itool=3DEntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_D=
efaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Exercise and calciu=
m supplementation: effects on calcium homeostasis in sportswomen.</FONT></A=
><FONT FACE=3D"Arial"> Med Sci Sports Exerc. Sep;39(9):1481-6.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Montain SJ, Cheuvront SN, Lukaski HC. (2007). </FON=
T><A HREF=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18156662?ordinalpos=3D10&am=
p;itool=3DEntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultRe=
portPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Sweat mineral-element respo=
nses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress.</FONT></A><FONT FACE=3D"Arial"> In=
t J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 17(6):574-82.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">O'Toole ML, Johnson KC, Satterfield S, Bush AJ, Koo=
WW, Klesges RC, Applegate WB. (2000). </FONT><A HREF=3D"http://www.ncbi.nl=
m.nih.gov/pubmed/11094783?ordinalpos=3D66&itool=3DEntrezSystem2.PEntrez=
.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"><FON=
T FACE=3D"Arial">Do sweat calcium losses affect bone mass during firefighte=
r training?</FONT></A><FONT FACE=3D"Arial"> J Occup Environ Med. Nov;42(11)=
:1054-9.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Palacios C, Wigertz K, Weaver CM. (2003). </FONT><A=
HREF=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14967871?ordinalpos=3D47&it=
ool=3DEntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReport=
Panel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Comparison of 24 hour whole bod=
y versus patch tests for estimating body surface electrolyte losses.</FONT>=
</A><FONT FACE=3D"Arial"> Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 13(4):479-88.</FONT=
></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Petrie HJ, Stover EA, Horswill CA. (2004). </FONT><=
A HREF=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15212744?ordinalpos=3D46&i=
tool=3DEntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultRepor=
tPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Nutritional concerns for the c=
hild and adolescent competitor.</FONT></A><FONT FACE=3D"Arial"> Nutrition.2=
0(7-8):620-31.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Rianon N, Feeback D, Wood R, Driscoll T, Shackelfor=
d L, LeBlanc A. (2003). </FONT><A HREF=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubme=
d/14562998?ordinalpos=3D49&itool=3DEntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_=
ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"><FONT FACE=3D"Arial=
">Monitoring sweat calcium using skin patches.</FONT></A><FONT FACE=3D"Aria=
l"> Calcif Tissue Int. 72(6):694-7.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Sawka MN, Montain SJ. (2000). </FONT><A HREF=3D"htt=
p://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10919961?ordinalpos=3D69&itool=3DEntrez=
System2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed=
_RVDocSum"><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Fluid and electrolyte supplementation for e=
xercise heat stress.</FONT></A><FONT FACE=3D"Arial"> Am J Clin Nutr. 72(2 S=
uppl):564S-72S.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. (1997). </FONT><A HREF=3D=
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9029235?ordinalpos=3D99&itool=3DEnt=
rezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pub=
med_RVDocSum"><FONT FACE=3D"Arial">Whole body sweat collection in humans: a=
n improved method with preliminary data on electrolyte content.</FONT></A><=
FONT FACE=3D"Arial"> J Appl Physiol. Jan;82(1):336-41.</FONT></P>
<BR>
<P><FONT FACE=3D"Arial"> </FONT>
</P>
<p><span style=3D"font-family:'Arial';font-size:8pt;"><b>IMPORTANT:</b></sp=
an><span style=3D"font-family:'Arial';font-size:8pt;"> This email remains t=
he property of the Australian Defence Organisation and is subject to the ju=
risdiction of section 70 of the CRIMES ACT 1914. If you have received this=
email in error, you are requested to contact the sender and delete the ema=
il.</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-family:'Arial';font-size:8pt;"> </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-family:'Arial';font-size:8pt;"> </span></p></BO=
DY>
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